1 00:00:02,810 --> 00:00:01,010 Ryan's not look like from the outside 2 00:00:04,579 --> 00:00:02,820 but we've got a couple of astronauts in 3 00:00:06,380 --> 00:00:04,589 the inside who are ready to answer some 4 00:00:07,760 --> 00:00:06,390 questions for us Leland Melvin who is 5 00:00:10,610 --> 00:00:07,770 also the associate administrator for 6 00:00:16,580 --> 00:00:10,620 education for NASA and Rex Walheim can 7 00:00:17,810 --> 00:00:16,590 y'all wave and say hi hello okay I'm 8 00:00:19,130 --> 00:00:17,820 gonna let y'all kind of introduce 9 00:00:20,769 --> 00:00:19,140 yourself then tell a little bit about 10 00:00:23,029 --> 00:00:20,779 Orion and then we'll take some questions 11 00:00:25,370 --> 00:00:23,039 sure I'll start out my name is Rex 12 00:00:26,839 --> 00:00:25,380 Walheim I'm NASA astronaut I flown three 13 00:00:29,570 --> 00:00:26,849 times in the space shuttle over the last 14 00:00:31,519 --> 00:00:29,580 10 11 years and I we're sitting here in 15 00:00:32,810 --> 00:00:31,529 the Orion spacecraft which is really 16 00:00:35,479 --> 00:00:32,820 exciting because after the Space Shuttle 17 00:00:36,920 --> 00:00:35,489 retired this is vehicle it's going to 18 00:00:39,290 --> 00:00:36,930 take us even farther than we've ever 19 00:00:41,330 --> 00:00:39,300 been in space before and we really 20 00:00:43,160 --> 00:00:41,340 excited about the program Orion we're 21 00:00:44,810 --> 00:00:43,170 going to fly the first test mission next 22 00:00:46,279 --> 00:00:44,820 year it's an unmanned mission but is 23 00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:46,289 going to send us 15 times farther than 24 00:00:49,100 --> 00:00:47,610 the out through the space station so 25 00:00:51,889 --> 00:00:49,110 it's an exciting time in the space 26 00:00:54,619 --> 00:00:51,899 program Leon hey thanks Rex and I Rex 27 00:00:56,660 --> 00:00:54,629 and I flew together an SES 122 and 2008 28 00:00:58,340 --> 00:00:56,670 when they're fantastic yes yeah but I've 29 00:01:00,770 --> 00:00:58,350 hung up my space boots and I phone a 30 00:01:02,569 --> 00:01:00,780 couple times in space on SCS 122 and 129 31 00:01:04,820 --> 00:01:02,579 and i'm in charge of all of NASA's 32 00:01:06,800 --> 00:01:04,830 education program so we just kicked off 33 00:01:08,300 --> 00:01:06,810 the exploration design challenge today 34 00:01:11,300 --> 00:01:08,310 so all of you out there students out 35 00:01:14,990 --> 00:01:11,310 there K through 12 go to nasa gov / 36 00:01:16,730 --> 00:01:15,000 education / EDC and help us build a 37 00:01:19,310 --> 00:01:16,740 radiation shield so we can send 38 00:01:21,350 --> 00:01:19,320 astronauts to space safely as well as 39 00:01:24,560 --> 00:01:21,360 maybe you guys one day so bring on your 40 00:01:27,230 --> 00:01:24,570 questions all right our first question 41 00:01:29,390 --> 00:01:27,240 to be from Twitter and that is a will do 42 00:01:32,510 --> 00:01:29,400 Ryan or the NPC V and eventually have 43 00:01:35,359 --> 00:01:32,520 the ability to land or even travel for 44 00:01:37,310 --> 00:01:35,369 periods longer than six months that's a 45 00:01:39,920 --> 00:01:37,320 that's what we want to now the MPCV by 46 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:39,930 itself is a 21-day mission vehicle so it 47 00:01:42,679 --> 00:01:41,610 can get us to the vicinity of the moon 48 00:01:44,330 --> 00:01:42,689 we can stay there for a little while but 49 00:01:45,980 --> 00:01:44,340 then we have to come home now we want to 50 00:01:47,870 --> 00:01:45,990 go the longer duration we have to 51 00:01:49,609 --> 00:01:47,880 develop a vehicle I can that can help us 52 00:01:51,050 --> 00:01:49,619 transit the big distance between you 53 00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:51,060 know Earth and Mars or something like 54 00:01:55,190 --> 00:01:53,130 that so we'll have to have a you know a 55 00:01:56,690 --> 00:01:55,200 habitation module of some sort to go the 56 00:02:01,730 --> 00:01:56,700 longer longer durations and longer 57 00:02:02,719 --> 00:02:01,740 distances and that's one of the reasons 58 00:02:05,780 --> 00:02:02,729 I guess that we need that radiation 59 00:02:07,789 --> 00:02:05,790 shield right exactly the radiation 60 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:07,799 shield is going to help us protect our 61 00:02:11,930 --> 00:02:09,690 astronauts from these high-energy 62 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:11,940 radiation blast and sometimes like when 63 00:02:16,130 --> 00:02:13,410 you walk around on the plan 64 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:16,140 for a year you receive about 360 Miller 65 00:02:21,290 --> 00:02:18,330 Miller REM of radiation so that's about 66 00:02:24,410 --> 00:02:21,300 four to five chest x-rays but when you 67 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:24,420 go to space you can receive a radiation 68 00:02:29,930 --> 00:02:26,730 blast from a solar flare that it sees 69 00:02:32,270 --> 00:02:29,940 about 7,000 rim so that's orders of 70 00:02:34,180 --> 00:02:32,280 magnitude more so we have to be shielded 71 00:02:40,220 --> 00:02:34,190 to ensure their astronauts remain safe 72 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:40,230 maybe you Rex yeah okay our next 73 00:02:43,280 --> 00:02:41,850 question um I guess I people are 74 00:02:44,570 --> 00:02:43,290 probably looking and seeing you inside 75 00:02:46,460 --> 00:02:44,580 of it and looks a little small so they 76 00:02:50,900 --> 00:02:46,470 asked is the Orion spacecraft too little 77 00:02:53,300 --> 00:02:50,910 for long it's too little for lunch 24 78 00:02:55,070 --> 00:02:53,310 long bodega for long missions well you 79 00:02:57,050 --> 00:02:55,080 know it for a 21-day mission this would 80 00:02:59,150 --> 00:02:57,060 be big enough you know Leo and I've have 81 00:03:00,920 --> 00:02:59,160 been on space missions for about 14 days 82 00:03:02,570 --> 00:03:00,930 with as in the space shuttle which is a 83 00:03:04,430 --> 00:03:02,580 little bit bigger than this but this 84 00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:04,440 volume would be fine for 21 days but if 85 00:03:07,160 --> 00:03:05,610 you want to go too long missions that's 86 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:07,170 where you do have to have a habitation 87 00:03:10,430 --> 00:03:08,610 module and so that's gonna be a little 88 00:03:13,100 --> 00:03:10,440 bigger give you a little bit room to to 89 00:03:14,930 --> 00:03:13,110 have the facilities you need to extend 90 00:03:17,750 --> 00:03:14,940 have an extended voyage out to Mars or 91 00:03:19,730 --> 00:03:17,760 other destination like an asteroid in 92 00:03:21,199 --> 00:03:19,740 this remember you can use all the volume 93 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:21,209 in here so remember the first time we 94 00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:23,010 trained around the galley on the space 95 00:03:26,060 --> 00:03:24,810 shuttle we're all trying to fight around 96 00:03:28,580 --> 00:03:26,070 the galley trying to get in there to 97 00:03:30,530 --> 00:03:28,590 prepare our meals but in space people 98 00:03:32,390 --> 00:03:30,540 can be upside down right side up you 99 00:03:35,270 --> 00:03:32,400 know all in different orientations to 100 00:03:37,430 --> 00:03:35,280 use that same area so the volume you can 101 00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:37,440 expand out and use more the volume but 102 00:03:41,449 --> 00:03:38,610 still as rich said you need more of a 103 00:03:43,910 --> 00:03:41,459 habitation module to keep us from 104 00:03:45,260 --> 00:03:43,920 getting too claustrophobic and the only 105 00:03:47,900 --> 00:03:45,270 problem is when you're launching yeah I 106 00:03:49,880 --> 00:03:47,910 launch sitting next to leland on sds 122 107 00:03:51,560 --> 00:03:49,890 and he's kind of a big guy you know he's 108 00:03:52,970 --> 00:03:51,570 a former professional athlete and so 109 00:03:54,770 --> 00:03:52,980 we're in our spacesuits and we're 110 00:03:56,390 --> 00:03:54,780 sitting like this and so finally one day 111 00:03:57,530 --> 00:03:56,400 I said to Steve my commander said hey 112 00:03:58,729 --> 00:03:57,540 Steve next time we watch with a 113 00:04:00,530 --> 00:03:58,739 professional athlete can we pick a 114 00:04:06,020 --> 00:04:00,540 jockey no make it a little bit easier 115 00:04:08,120 --> 00:04:06,030 for a launch phase funny man all right 116 00:04:10,670 --> 00:04:08,130 and the next question I they asked will 117 00:04:17,420 --> 00:04:10,680 spacecraft of the future be built out of 118 00:04:19,670 --> 00:04:17,430 the atmosphere I can sure Whittle 119 00:04:22,880 --> 00:04:19,680 spacecraft of the future be built out of 120 00:04:24,409 --> 00:04:22,890 the Earth's atmosphere I guess like 121 00:04:26,060 --> 00:04:24,419 we're doing that work like we did the 122 00:04:28,430 --> 00:04:26,070 International Space Station 123 00:04:31,850 --> 00:04:28,440 are you talking about the distances the 124 00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:31,860 vehicles go and where we'll build it 125 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:33,690 with a build it here on earth or out and 126 00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:35,010 how does a good question yeah when we 127 00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:36,450 build them here on earth well for the 128 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:37,530 Orion program we're going to build them 129 00:04:40,340 --> 00:04:38,970 here on earth now the components will be 130 00:04:41,930 --> 00:04:40,350 built here we've made juice minor 131 00:04:43,580 --> 00:04:41,940 assembly when we go to the long missions 132 00:04:45,380 --> 00:04:43,590 to an asteroid er to Mars we may have to 133 00:04:46,910 --> 00:04:45,390 assemble them in low-earth orbit but the 134 00:04:48,770 --> 00:04:46,920 vast majority we want a symbol here on 135 00:04:50,510 --> 00:04:48,780 earth and the reason is is really tough 136 00:04:51,650 --> 00:04:50,520 to make things in space you know we 137 00:04:53,420 --> 00:04:51,660 learned a tremendous amount from the 138 00:04:55,160 --> 00:04:53,430 International Space Station but it takes 139 00:04:56,810 --> 00:04:55,170 a long time you know it took us 10 years 140 00:04:58,280 --> 00:04:56,820 or more to build the space station and 141 00:05:00,260 --> 00:04:58,290 so we don't want to have that long 142 00:05:03,410 --> 00:05:00,270 assembly process when we go to Mars or 143 00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:03,420 an asteroid so we will most likely have 144 00:05:06,890 --> 00:05:05,730 the basic crew vehicle will be here or 145 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:06,900 in Orion and then we'll have a 146 00:05:09,740 --> 00:05:08,490 habitation module and maybe a land or 147 00:05:16,430 --> 00:05:09,750 whatever else we need for our various 148 00:05:18,620 --> 00:05:16,440 missions okay and our next question is 149 00:05:21,020 --> 00:05:18,630 from Michael kimmage from on Twitter he 150 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:21,030 asked what right will the spacecraft 151 00:05:25,340 --> 00:05:22,490 travel and how will you prevent 152 00:05:29,210 --> 00:05:25,350 devastating collisions from space debris 153 00:05:31,970 --> 00:05:29,220 or asteroids how do we avoid collisions 154 00:05:35,210 --> 00:05:31,980 in space it's a very good question 155 00:05:37,280 --> 00:05:35,220 Michael um right now we are tracking a 156 00:05:39,110 --> 00:05:37,290 number of particles that are floating 157 00:05:41,180 --> 00:05:39,120 around in space above and around space 158 00:05:43,670 --> 00:05:41,190 station so if there's a there's a I 159 00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:43,680 think a two-centimeter and I guess to 160 00:05:46,910 --> 00:05:45,330 similar size particle if it's going to 161 00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:46,920 be on a collision path with space 162 00:05:52,070 --> 00:05:50,130 station we will actually do a burn to do 163 00:05:54,340 --> 00:05:52,080 an orbital just burn to move out of the 164 00:05:57,410 --> 00:05:54,350 way because those particles traveling 165 00:05:59,690 --> 00:05:57,420 seven kilometers per second can do 166 00:06:02,300 --> 00:05:59,700 considerable damage to the shell to the 167 00:06:04,430 --> 00:06:02,310 the vehicle itself and you could have a 168 00:06:05,570 --> 00:06:04,440 puncture in the in the module itself so 169 00:06:07,510 --> 00:06:05,580 that would you know make us have to come 170 00:06:10,210 --> 00:06:07,520 home so we have to definitely detect 171 00:06:12,890 --> 00:06:10,220 debris out there and be able to do 172 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:12,900 collision avoidance maneuvers to ensure 173 00:06:20,120 --> 00:06:17,690 that we don't bump into it good question 174 00:06:21,740 --> 00:06:20,130 okay and then we also got asked how do 175 00:06:26,500 --> 00:06:21,750 you protect astronauts from space 176 00:06:28,420 --> 00:06:26,510 radiation must've space radiation 177 00:06:29,830 --> 00:06:28,430 okay well there that you know that's a 178 00:06:31,630 --> 00:06:29,840 critical question and that's kind of why 179 00:06:33,400 --> 00:06:31,640 we have this design challenge is you 180 00:06:35,410 --> 00:06:33,410 know you say well we've been going to 181 00:06:37,030 --> 00:06:35,420 space for 450 years now how can we 182 00:06:38,770 --> 00:06:37,040 haven't solved this problem well the 183 00:06:40,060 --> 00:06:38,780 main reasons we haven't needed to yet 184 00:06:41,620 --> 00:06:40,070 except for on the Apollo missions we 185 00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:41,630 haven't gone beyond low-earth orbit 186 00:06:45,100 --> 00:06:43,610 because the the Earth's environment the 187 00:06:46,180 --> 00:06:45,110 magnetosphere protects you when you're a 188 00:06:47,950 --> 00:06:46,190 low-earth orbit so when we're at the 189 00:06:49,390 --> 00:06:47,960 space station we have to be careful 190 00:06:51,520 --> 00:06:49,400 about radiation but not anywhere near 191 00:06:52,750 --> 00:06:51,530 the magnitude of the radiation outside 192 00:06:54,100 --> 00:06:52,760 farther away from the earth because the 193 00:06:56,290 --> 00:06:54,110 space station altitude is about you know 194 00:06:57,370 --> 00:06:56,300 between 202 and 50 miles up when you go 195 00:06:59,170 --> 00:06:57,380 farther than that you lose the 196 00:07:01,300 --> 00:06:59,180 protection of the Earth from radiation 197 00:07:02,770 --> 00:07:01,310 and then you really need this protection 198 00:07:04,090 --> 00:07:02,780 so there's very people are looking at 199 00:07:05,950 --> 00:07:04,100 various ways and we're trying to figure 200 00:07:07,450 --> 00:07:05,960 out what the best way is whether use 201 00:07:09,130 --> 00:07:07,460 water for shielding or whether use 202 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:09,140 different materials for shielding you 203 00:07:11,710 --> 00:07:10,490 know you might want to use let hey let's 204 00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:11,720 use lead shielding well there's a little 205 00:07:15,010 --> 00:07:13,370 problem with that when it cost 10,000 206 00:07:16,930 --> 00:07:15,020 pounds to just get ten thousand dollars 207 00:07:18,340 --> 00:07:16,940 to get a pound of material to orbit you 208 00:07:20,050 --> 00:07:18,350 realize it'd be very expensive to have 209 00:07:21,220 --> 00:07:20,060 lead shielding so we're looking at 210 00:07:22,480 --> 00:07:21,230 different things but there are options 211 00:07:23,770 --> 00:07:22,490 and we're gonna try to study those and 212 00:07:27,790 --> 00:07:23,780 figure out what the best one is and 213 00:07:29,530 --> 00:07:27,800 another option that people are at people 214 00:07:31,690 --> 00:07:29,540 are actually looking at how could you 215 00:07:33,640 --> 00:07:31,700 radiation hardened the body because we 216 00:07:35,050 --> 00:07:33,650 right now we radiation hard micro 217 00:07:36,730 --> 00:07:35,060 electronics are there ways that you 218 00:07:38,440 --> 00:07:36,740 could do some countermeasures to 219 00:07:40,870 --> 00:07:38,450 actually do something to your body to 220 00:07:42,430 --> 00:07:40,880 where your your body is rat hardened and 221 00:07:44,170 --> 00:07:42,440 so those are other ways you can do 222 00:07:45,840 --> 00:07:44,180 something from a biological standpoint 223 00:07:48,070 --> 00:07:45,850 so maybe it's a combination of 224 00:07:50,080 --> 00:07:48,080 biological and shielding but you know we 225 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:50,090 look at the rocket equation mass is in 226 00:07:53,470 --> 00:07:52,010 the Iraqi equation so is Rick said if 227 00:07:55,090 --> 00:07:53,480 you use lead you're going to have a 228 00:07:57,190 --> 00:07:55,100 problem with your propulsion system 229 00:07:59,680 --> 00:07:57,200 getting yourself up to Mars or two or 230 00:08:02,620 --> 00:07:59,690 asteroid so you want a lighted vehicle 231 00:08:04,330 --> 00:08:02,630 as possible with as much shielding as 232 00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:04,340 possible but the shielding should be 233 00:08:10,180 --> 00:08:08,050 lightweight good question all right um 234 00:08:11,530 --> 00:08:10,190 our next question you'll not be able to 235 00:08:12,810 --> 00:08:11,540 answer this especially well since you've 236 00:08:15,370 --> 00:08:12,820 been in space together but are there any 237 00:08:18,220 --> 00:08:15,380 psychological side effects of a human on 238 00:08:20,020 --> 00:08:18,230 a human being in space are there any 239 00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:20,030 psychological effects on human being in 240 00:08:23,110 --> 00:08:21,470 space that's a very good question and 241 00:08:24,580 --> 00:08:23,120 there are and there's going to be you 242 00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:24,590 know it's not easy staying in space for 243 00:08:27,730 --> 00:08:26,570 six months up on the space station but 244 00:08:29,560 --> 00:08:27,740 the neat thing about that is we have a 245 00:08:30,690 --> 00:08:29,570 great ability to communicate back with 246 00:08:32,650 --> 00:08:30,700 home you know we have a 247 00:08:34,900 --> 00:08:32,660 computer-generated phone where we can 248 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:34,910 call our families in and talk to them so 249 00:08:39,610 --> 00:08:38,210 it you have a little close connection to 250 00:08:40,180 --> 00:08:39,620 to earth and you also have this 251 00:08:41,529 --> 00:08:40,190 beautiful view 252 00:08:43,450 --> 00:08:41,539 outside you look outside underneath is 253 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:43,460 this incredible beautiful planet you can 254 00:08:47,050 --> 00:08:45,890 look at it never gets old now we go to 255 00:08:49,630 --> 00:08:47,060 for instance let's say we're going to 256 00:08:51,040 --> 00:08:49,640 Mars it's going to redefine how we do 257 00:08:52,600 --> 00:08:51,050 space flight because it's not going to 258 00:08:54,490 --> 00:08:52,610 be the same as we're doing right now for 259 00:08:56,770 --> 00:08:54,500 one thing after a few days when you're 260 00:08:58,270 --> 00:08:56,780 when you are we are going away from 261 00:08:59,740 --> 00:08:58,280 Earth all of a sudden the earth's going 262 00:09:01,810 --> 00:08:59,750 to recede has become a just a little 263 00:09:03,370 --> 00:09:01,820 star just like all the other stars and 264 00:09:04,690 --> 00:09:03,380 I've heard people say it's going to 265 00:09:06,730 --> 00:09:04,700 redefine the meaning of the word 266 00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:06,740 loneliness you know so because all your 267 00:09:10,990 --> 00:09:08,930 entire your entire being is that this 268 00:09:12,340 --> 00:09:11,000 little tiny blink of light in the in the 269 00:09:13,770 --> 00:09:12,350 horizon and that's all you see all 270 00:09:15,220 --> 00:09:13,780 around you and so you do have to 271 00:09:17,140 --> 00:09:15,230 psychological that you have to make sure 272 00:09:18,520 --> 00:09:17,150 your crews are prepared for that you 273 00:09:20,010 --> 00:09:18,530 know but it like I say it will be a 274 00:09:22,030 --> 00:09:20,020 whole new ballgame then once you get to 275 00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:22,040 Mars and on the way as you're getting 276 00:09:25,600 --> 00:09:23,930 farther away from Earth the 277 00:09:27,100 --> 00:09:25,610 communication delays start to play in 278 00:09:29,860 --> 00:09:27,110 effect it could take 20 minutes for 279 00:09:31,330 --> 00:09:29,870 conversations to reach you so you can't 280 00:09:33,160 --> 00:09:31,340 have a normal conversation once you say 281 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:33,170 something that may take up to 20 minutes 282 00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:35,330 or so to get to earth and then maybe 20 283 00:09:38,380 --> 00:09:37,250 minutes to get back so you can't 284 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:38,390 communicate that way so you have to 285 00:09:41,770 --> 00:09:39,650 figure out new ways of talking to people 286 00:09:42,790 --> 00:09:41,780 so it's going to be very different you 287 00:09:44,770 --> 00:09:42,800 know but people say well who would want 288 00:09:46,180 --> 00:09:44,780 to do that well true explorers you know 289 00:09:48,850 --> 00:09:46,190 the people who left their countries in 290 00:09:50,500 --> 00:09:48,860 the in the olden days and and sailed 291 00:09:52,300 --> 00:09:50,510 away to a new world those are the kind 292 00:09:53,560 --> 00:09:52,310 of people that that can do these kind of 293 00:09:54,970 --> 00:09:53,570 mission is not going to be easy but 294 00:09:56,170 --> 00:09:54,980 there's explorers out there maybe some 295 00:09:57,910 --> 00:09:56,180 of you listening out there that kind of 296 00:09:59,620 --> 00:09:57,920 people could do that someday it'll be 297 00:10:01,450 --> 00:09:59,630 tough but with a lot of psychological 298 00:10:02,380 --> 00:10:01,460 support and really thinking about how 299 00:10:04,870 --> 00:10:02,390 you going to handle things I think we 300 00:10:06,340 --> 00:10:04,880 could do it that's great you know cuz I 301 00:10:08,290 --> 00:10:06,350 know when I flew with Rex we had 302 00:10:09,520 --> 00:10:08,300 psychological support for each other we 303 00:10:11,650 --> 00:10:09,530 had some problems that happen on our 304 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:11,660 flight and we all banded together to 305 00:10:15,550 --> 00:10:13,730 make those problems go away and I think 306 00:10:17,710 --> 00:10:15,560 that's the same thing that any crew 307 00:10:19,570 --> 00:10:17,720 training for a two-year really about a 308 00:10:21,490 --> 00:10:19,580 two and a half year mission gonna have 309 00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:21,500 to really be close and really depend on 310 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:23,450 each other because the model that we use 311 00:10:27,190 --> 00:10:25,010 now where we constantly talk to the 312 00:10:29,350 --> 00:10:27,200 ground for support and for getting 313 00:10:31,810 --> 00:10:29,360 questions and questions answered on a 314 00:10:33,370 --> 00:10:31,820 fairly quick time frame it's not going 315 00:10:35,230 --> 00:10:33,380 to happen on Mars and so you have to be 316 00:10:37,660 --> 00:10:35,240 a lot more self-sufficient maybe use 317 00:10:39,160 --> 00:10:37,670 more robotic analogs and things that can 318 00:10:41,110 --> 00:10:39,170 help you with getting your missions in 319 00:10:42,820 --> 00:10:41,120 your task done but again that 320 00:10:44,530 --> 00:10:42,830 psychological you know that 321 00:10:46,510 --> 00:10:44,540 psychological element would have to 322 00:10:48,310 --> 00:10:46,520 really get people that can handle being 323 00:10:50,890 --> 00:10:48,320 alone in that environment for much 324 00:10:52,240 --> 00:10:50,900 longer period yeah you handle it be able 325 00:10:53,829 --> 00:10:52,250 to handle being alone and you really 326 00:10:54,110 --> 00:10:53,839 have to to bring out the teamwork in 327 00:10:56,420 --> 00:10:54,120 each 328 00:10:57,769 --> 00:10:56,430 and find a group that can get along with 329 00:10:59,510 --> 00:10:57,779 each other and then then train him a 330 00:11:01,400 --> 00:10:59,520 team working you know like when yeah 331 00:11:03,290 --> 00:11:01,410 that's right when when Leland and I were 332 00:11:04,430 --> 00:11:03,300 assigned a mission st s 120 to one of 333 00:11:05,870 --> 00:11:04,440 the first things we did when we got a 334 00:11:07,430 --> 00:11:05,880 sign was we went out to a National 335 00:11:09,650 --> 00:11:07,440 Outdoor Leadership School you know 336 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:09,660 basically an outdoor camping trip for 10 337 00:11:13,340 --> 00:11:11,010 days where they stress you make you 338 00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:13,350 climb down canyons and back up and you 339 00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:15,120 know make your own food try to find 340 00:11:18,470 --> 00:11:16,890 water sources it was very stressful but 341 00:11:20,470 --> 00:11:18,480 it was great because it made us learn to 342 00:11:22,700 --> 00:11:20,480 communicate with each other and it also 343 00:11:24,350 --> 00:11:22,710 helped us learn about each other like I 344 00:11:26,090 --> 00:11:24,360 knew it if Leland got grumpy just bring 345 00:11:27,829 --> 00:11:26,100 out some food if we'll give him that you 346 00:11:29,090 --> 00:11:27,839 feel ill he gets a lot happier and 347 00:11:30,350 --> 00:11:29,100 that's an important key i need to know 348 00:11:31,550 --> 00:11:30,360 you know when i'm in space hey Leland 349 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:31,560 looks a little down here you know throw 350 00:11:35,720 --> 00:11:33,810 a shrimp cocktail you know me hey I got 351 00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:35,730 some chocolate pudding cake here leyland 352 00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:37,050 and then the lead once back in the game 353 00:11:39,680 --> 00:11:38,610 so you learn those things the training 354 00:11:43,640 --> 00:11:39,690 program that will help you in a long 355 00:11:45,650 --> 00:11:43,650 long mission to Mars so I have a 356 00:11:47,600 --> 00:11:45,660 question maybe I can answer this for 357 00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:47,610 each other Rex is would Leyland be up to 358 00:11:52,250 --> 00:11:50,610 that challenge and Leland would Rex you 359 00:11:54,829 --> 00:11:52,260 know I think Lee would we be at would 360 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:54,839 ask what I'm gonna answer weatherly want 361 00:11:57,350 --> 00:11:56,010 to be up to the challenge and I think he 362 00:11:59,480 --> 00:11:57,360 would be he has one of the perfect 363 00:12:01,430 --> 00:11:59,490 personalities to to fly in space he's 364 00:12:03,350 --> 00:12:01,440 he's very easy to get along with he's it 365 00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:03,360 good-natured and got a great sense humor 366 00:12:07,550 --> 00:12:05,010 so I think he would be one of the ideal 367 00:12:08,930 --> 00:12:07,560 candidates for a long mission and i 368 00:12:10,340 --> 00:12:08,940 think i would love to fly with Rex when 369 00:12:12,949 --> 00:12:10,350 long-duration mission because he's not 370 00:12:15,500 --> 00:12:12,959 only brilliant but he cracks he makes 371 00:12:17,690 --> 00:12:15,510 these funny one liner jokes that is keep 372 00:12:18,949 --> 00:12:17,700 everyone in stitches like you know how 373 00:12:21,110 --> 00:12:18,959 did the what was I want to have the 374 00:12:23,780 --> 00:12:21,120 chicken cost of why why didn't the 375 00:12:26,750 --> 00:12:23,790 skeleton cross the road because he had 376 00:12:28,760 --> 00:12:26,760 no guts see see what I mean so we would 377 00:12:32,630 --> 00:12:28,770 laugh all day long this was we were in 378 00:12:34,010 --> 00:12:32,640 our t CDT countdown training in Rex's 379 00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:34,020 they're cracking jokes so you need 380 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:35,910 people they can work well together they 381 00:12:39,290 --> 00:12:38,010 can play well together they can they can 382 00:12:41,030 --> 00:12:39,300 laugh at each other and laugh at 383 00:12:43,460 --> 00:12:41,040 themselves yeah and I have that 384 00:12:45,199 --> 00:12:43,470 psychological edge so well yeah I would 385 00:12:47,300 --> 00:12:45,209 love to fly with Rex again corny jokes 386 00:12:48,650 --> 00:12:47,310 but when you're sit on your back on tons 387 00:12:50,090 --> 00:12:48,660 of high explosives you gotta have a 388 00:12:53,630 --> 00:12:50,100 little bit of a sense of humor about us 389 00:12:56,540 --> 00:12:53,640 really okay we've got some technical 390 00:12:59,210 --> 00:12:56,550 questions now on Orion and we're at via 391 00:13:03,079 --> 00:12:59,220 nesto when will we see it launched and 392 00:13:04,250 --> 00:13:03,089 what's its source of energy ok the 393 00:13:05,870 --> 00:13:04,260 question was when are we going to see a 394 00:13:07,370 --> 00:13:05,880 launch and Orion and our first test 395 00:13:07,879 --> 00:13:07,380 flight is going to be next year so 396 00:13:09,699 --> 00:13:07,889 really excite 397 00:13:13,039 --> 00:13:09,709 about that we're going to launch a a 398 00:13:14,210 --> 00:13:13,049 Ryan vehicle on a delta for heavy launch 399 00:13:15,979 --> 00:13:14,220 vehicle so it's an expendable launch 400 00:13:17,090 --> 00:13:15,989 vehicle it's not going to be man it's 401 00:13:19,999 --> 00:13:17,100 going to be a test mission so we're 402 00:13:21,919 --> 00:13:20,009 going to send a a Ryan capsule up about 403 00:13:25,309 --> 00:13:21,929 15 times the L to the space station so 404 00:13:26,989 --> 00:13:25,319 about 3,700 miles and we're going to be 405 00:13:29,059 --> 00:13:26,999 able to test its reentry systems its 406 00:13:30,739 --> 00:13:29,069 orientation systems and and basically 407 00:13:32,809 --> 00:13:30,749 get a first look at how the Orion 408 00:13:34,429 --> 00:13:32,819 vehicle performs that's the that's next 409 00:13:35,749 --> 00:13:34,439 year and then we're going to we're going 410 00:13:37,669 --> 00:13:35,759 to be hopefully flying our first mission 411 00:13:40,460 --> 00:13:37,679 on top of this the Space Launch System 412 00:13:41,479 --> 00:13:40,470 in about 20 17 so it's all coming up 413 00:13:43,669 --> 00:13:41,489 it's going to take a while cuz it's a 414 00:13:45,079 --> 00:13:43,679 big program to build but there's some 415 00:13:46,699 --> 00:13:45,089 exciting things coming up and what is 416 00:13:48,229 --> 00:13:46,709 powered by for the launch system is 417 00:13:50,059 --> 00:13:48,239 liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen for the 418 00:13:51,739 --> 00:13:50,069 for the salt for the liquid liquid 419 00:13:58,309 --> 00:13:51,749 boosters and then maybe solid rocket 420 00:14:00,769 --> 00:13:58,319 boosters for the strap ons okay and then 421 00:14:03,109 --> 00:14:00,779 we also got asked them how will I Ryan 422 00:14:06,199 --> 00:14:03,119 return to earth and will it visit the 423 00:14:09,229 --> 00:14:06,209 space station okay you want to ask them 424 00:14:11,030 --> 00:14:09,239 ok the the how will return to earth it's 425 00:14:13,009 --> 00:14:11,040 a it's going to be very similar the way 426 00:14:13,879 --> 00:14:13,019 Apollo capsules return to the earthy the 427 00:14:15,439 --> 00:14:13,889 interesting thing about the Apollo 428 00:14:17,030 --> 00:14:15,449 program is those guys were really smart 429 00:14:19,069 --> 00:14:17,040 and we're learning the more we do things 430 00:14:21,319 --> 00:14:19,079 in space how smart those guys who who 431 00:14:23,030 --> 00:14:21,329 did things back the Apollo era back with 432 00:14:24,919 --> 00:14:23,040 very little calculation power they knew 433 00:14:26,840 --> 00:14:24,929 what made sense and they built a system 434 00:14:29,210 --> 00:14:26,850 that worked you know remarkably well and 435 00:14:31,220 --> 00:14:29,220 so the Orion spacecraft will come home 436 00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:31,230 on parachutes and so it'll land in the 437 00:14:34,609 --> 00:14:32,970 ocean and we'll be able to retrieve our 438 00:14:37,369 --> 00:14:34,619 crew members that way so it's very 439 00:14:37,999 --> 00:14:37,379 similar to the Apollo program and let's 440 00:14:40,340 --> 00:14:38,009 see what else was the other question 441 00:14:41,749 --> 00:14:40,350 well go to the space station first it 442 00:14:43,009 --> 00:14:41,759 will not go to the space station on the 443 00:14:45,019 --> 00:14:43,019 missions that we have planned right now 444 00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:45,029 it potentially could but it's going to 445 00:14:47,809 --> 00:14:46,410 be going to a different inclination and 446 00:14:53,689 --> 00:14:47,819 so won't be visiting the space station 447 00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:53,699 on the missions that we have planned ok 448 00:14:59,119 --> 00:14:56,610 and then one more of Arthur's spacewalks 449 00:15:03,289 --> 00:14:59,129 for repairs and that could be done on a 450 00:15:05,210 --> 00:15:03,299 deep-space journey it well there's a 451 00:15:08,389 --> 00:15:05,220 possibility of doing space walks in in 452 00:15:09,889 --> 00:15:08,399 in any in any mission because when you 453 00:15:11,059 --> 00:15:09,899 get to Mars you're going to have to you 454 00:15:12,799 --> 00:15:11,069 know get out and make sure that your 455 00:15:14,749 --> 00:15:12,809 vehicle when you land your vehicle say 456 00:15:16,669 --> 00:15:14,759 if your habitat you know when you think 457 00:15:19,279 --> 00:15:16,679 about shielding on Mars you know I think 458 00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:19,289 if you use five meters of Martian soil 459 00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:21,930 helps I think it helps 460 00:15:26,450 --> 00:15:24,510 keep about a thousand Miller Miller 461 00:15:28,850 --> 00:15:26,460 heads of radiation from coming in your 462 00:15:30,530 --> 00:15:28,860 in Europe in your habitat so you'll have 463 00:15:33,050 --> 00:15:30,540 to put on a spacesuit to go actually and 464 00:15:34,519 --> 00:15:33,060 do those types of EVs but actually doing 465 00:15:36,470 --> 00:15:34,529 the mission itself Rick's would it be 466 00:15:38,329 --> 00:15:36,480 spacewalks potentially on the first 467 00:15:40,340 --> 00:15:38,339 we're still looking at what our 468 00:15:41,870 --> 00:15:40,350 capabilities will be the the the Orion 469 00:15:42,889 --> 00:15:41,880 has a capability being depressed so you 470 00:15:45,110 --> 00:15:42,899 can open the hatch and you could 471 00:15:46,370 --> 00:15:45,120 potentially do a short space walk if we 472 00:15:47,780 --> 00:15:46,380 have all the right equipment on that so 473 00:15:49,220 --> 00:15:47,790 we're so we're looking at that now when 474 00:15:50,449 --> 00:15:49,230 we go deeper and do the more advanced 475 00:15:52,070 --> 00:15:50,459 machines then we really do want to make 476 00:15:54,050 --> 00:15:52,080 sure all our space walking capabilities 477 00:15:55,100 --> 00:15:54,060 are in place for instance you went to an 478 00:15:57,500 --> 00:15:55,110 asteroid you really want to be able to 479 00:15:58,820 --> 00:15:57,510 go out and sample the asteroid and and 480 00:16:00,920 --> 00:15:58,830 those type of things so we wouldn't have 481 00:16:02,180 --> 00:16:00,930 a spacewalk capability there the tricky 482 00:16:03,949 --> 00:16:02,190 part gets when you go to a surface where 483 00:16:05,060 --> 00:16:03,959 they go to the moon or to Mars or 484 00:16:06,650 --> 00:16:05,070 something like that then you need a new 485 00:16:07,639 --> 00:16:06,660 space suit a walking space suit because 486 00:16:09,740 --> 00:16:07,649 it's basically have on the space station 487 00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:09,750 right now is a zero-g suit so it's a 488 00:16:13,070 --> 00:16:11,610 microgravity suit so it's not built for 489 00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:13,080 walking so we need some boots that are 490 00:16:16,639 --> 00:16:14,910 built for walking and so we're going to 491 00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:16,649 work on that before we do any lunar op 492 00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:18,690 lunar up activities space walking and 493 00:16:22,490 --> 00:16:20,610 for the deep space flights how many 494 00:16:24,380 --> 00:16:22,500 people but right now we're going for 495 00:16:26,510 --> 00:16:24,390 where I have a crew of four for the 496 00:16:28,940 --> 00:16:26,520 first missions but we can flexibly that 497 00:16:30,500 --> 00:16:28,950 can flex depending on what kind of crew 498 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:30,510 complement we need we need a but we can 499 00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:32,130 carry up to 44 people on a mission the 500 00:16:35,570 --> 00:16:33,930 bestest and mobiles for the deep space 501 00:16:36,860 --> 00:16:35,580 for deep-space mission admit it'll maybe 502 00:16:38,300 --> 00:16:36,870 a little bit different depending on what 503 00:16:39,530 --> 00:16:38,310 your habitation module is like though 504 00:16:40,519 --> 00:16:39,540 but you'd probably want at least a crew 505 00:16:41,660 --> 00:16:40,529 of four especially on the deep-space 506 00:16:43,010 --> 00:16:41,670 mission because that you need some 507 00:16:44,810 --> 00:16:43,020 redundancy and when you only have proved 508 00:16:46,220 --> 00:16:44,820 to which you could potentially fly you 509 00:16:47,750 --> 00:16:46,230 know if somebody gets sick it really 510 00:16:49,699 --> 00:16:47,760 does affect how you can do the mission 511 00:16:51,230 --> 00:16:49,709 whereas with the with a crew of four you 512 00:16:53,329 --> 00:16:51,240 can really back each other up and have 513 00:16:54,890 --> 00:16:53,339 enough people to get the job done like 514 00:16:59,860 --> 00:16:54,900 with the back each other up on 122 515 00:17:02,660 --> 00:16:59,870 that's right okay next question is 516 00:17:04,250 --> 00:17:02,670 regarding human exploration plans what 517 00:17:06,470 --> 00:17:04,260 are some of the major reasons for 518 00:17:09,949 --> 00:17:06,480 funding missions to making human life 519 00:17:13,549 --> 00:17:09,959 multi planets multiplanetary can you a 520 00:17:15,679 --> 00:17:13,559 set first stars are so so many of you I 521 00:17:17,569 --> 00:17:15,689 guess it was maybe three Fridays ago for 522 00:17:21,679 --> 00:17:17,579 five years ago there was an asteroid 523 00:17:25,270 --> 00:17:21,689 called 2012 da14 that came about 17,000 524 00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:25,280 miles from our planet now what if that 525 00:17:32,030 --> 00:17:28,290 50-yard diameter asteroid hit our planet 526 00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:32,040 in 1908 one hit I think it leveled about 527 00:17:35,780 --> 00:17:34,890 800 square miles in Siberia and it did 528 00:17:38,240 --> 00:17:35,790 even hit the 529 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:38,250 it exploded before it hit the ground so 530 00:17:42,950 --> 00:17:41,010 what if there was some type of you know 531 00:17:45,140 --> 00:17:42,960 huge ass for coming to our planet that 532 00:17:47,510 --> 00:17:45,150 could actually be the dinosaur killers 533 00:17:50,480 --> 00:17:47,520 or the end of our civilization as we 534 00:17:52,210 --> 00:17:50,490 know it so as explorers we have to make 535 00:17:54,350 --> 00:17:52,220 sure that we keep pushing ourselves 536 00:17:57,170 --> 00:17:54,360 going off and looking at where we can 537 00:18:00,830 --> 00:17:57,180 have have a habitable place for for our 538 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:00,840 civilization to to to flourish moon Mars 539 00:18:06,410 --> 00:18:03,450 asteroid you know wherever but I think 540 00:18:08,780 --> 00:18:06,420 we as as a civilization once we stop 541 00:18:11,270 --> 00:18:08,790 exploring and looking to go to other 542 00:18:13,070 --> 00:18:11,280 destinations who will perish as a 543 00:18:14,840 --> 00:18:13,080 civilization yeah I kind of echo that 544 00:18:16,370 --> 00:18:14,850 obviously there's you know planetary 545 00:18:17,570 --> 00:18:16,380 protection arguments about you know 546 00:18:20,380 --> 00:18:17,580 asteroids and things like that but 547 00:18:23,150 --> 00:18:20,390 there's also just the basic exploration 548 00:18:24,680 --> 00:18:23,160 aspect of that and we as humans are born 549 00:18:26,930 --> 00:18:24,690 to explore we've always wanted to know 550 00:18:28,580 --> 00:18:26,940 what's beyond the next hill and you look 551 00:18:30,350 --> 00:18:28,590 back on early in our country when 552 00:18:32,090 --> 00:18:30,360 President Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark 553 00:18:33,530 --> 00:18:32,100 on their expedition you know we didn't 554 00:18:35,780 --> 00:18:33,540 know what we didn't know he sent those 555 00:18:37,670 --> 00:18:35,790 people up to find a passage to Oregon 556 00:18:39,170 --> 00:18:37,680 and you know we didn't know the kinds of 557 00:18:40,700 --> 00:18:39,180 things we discovered we found new kinds 558 00:18:42,590 --> 00:18:40,710 of animals new kind of plants and we 559 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:42,600 didn't know what we didn't know but the 560 00:18:45,680 --> 00:18:44,250 fact is we were better for it once we 561 00:18:47,030 --> 00:18:45,690 did know these things and we learned 562 00:18:48,260 --> 00:18:47,040 these things and people say well why 563 00:18:49,370 --> 00:18:48,270 don't you just make it a business and 564 00:18:51,230 --> 00:18:49,380 have the businesses go do space 565 00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:51,240 exploration well some of the low Earth 566 00:18:54,110 --> 00:18:52,530 orbit stuff is getting to the point 567 00:18:56,120 --> 00:18:54,120 where there's a business case for it but 568 00:18:57,560 --> 00:18:56,130 true exploration going to Mars that's 569 00:18:59,300 --> 00:18:57,570 the stuff governments do you know 570 00:19:00,860 --> 00:18:59,310 president Jefferson's in stata Lewis and 571 00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:00,870 Clark I want you to go to Oregon I want 572 00:19:04,850 --> 00:19:02,610 you to set up a 7-eleven and sell some 573 00:19:05,810 --> 00:19:04,860 goods and and make some money you know 574 00:19:06,980 --> 00:19:05,820 what he said is you know you're going to 575 00:19:08,780 --> 00:19:06,990 go out explore and that's what the 576 00:19:10,880 --> 00:19:08,790 government can do it can allow you to do 577 00:19:12,860 --> 00:19:10,890 just true exploration eventually you 578 00:19:14,210 --> 00:19:12,870 know enough people explore that country 579 00:19:15,620 --> 00:19:14,220 that there's plenty of 7-elevens and 580 00:19:17,660 --> 00:19:15,630 businesses going on in Oregon nowadays 581 00:19:18,980 --> 00:19:17,670 that is right so maybe eventually there 582 00:19:20,480 --> 00:19:18,990 will be you know business cases for 583 00:19:22,520 --> 00:19:20,490 going to deep space but right now its 584 00:19:23,810 --> 00:19:22,530 exploration and and we don't know what 585 00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:23,820 we don't know and we're gonna learn some 586 00:19:30,080 --> 00:19:27,870 exciting things from it both speaking of 587 00:19:31,520 --> 00:19:30,090 things we don't know um next question 588 00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:31,530 was have you solved the problem of 589 00:19:36,680 --> 00:19:35,310 osteoporosis effects hmm osteoporosis 590 00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:36,690 effects we're looking at a number of 591 00:19:40,550 --> 00:19:38,730 different things and well that's one of 592 00:19:42,170 --> 00:19:40,560 the things we really learned from this 593 00:19:44,060 --> 00:19:42,180 International Space Station you know we 594 00:19:45,770 --> 00:19:44,070 spent you know many years building the 595 00:19:47,289 --> 00:19:45,780 space station and now since we finished 596 00:19:49,210 --> 00:19:47,299 building it we're entering the 597 00:19:51,489 --> 00:19:49,220 of utilization we're really using the 598 00:19:52,509 --> 00:19:51,499 space station to to investigate all 599 00:19:54,039 --> 00:19:52,519 these different things we need to learn 600 00:19:56,409 --> 00:19:54,049 about because it astronauts in space 601 00:19:58,629 --> 00:19:56,419 they do suffer bone loss very similar to 602 00:20:00,399 --> 00:19:58,639 osteoporosis people who have 603 00:20:01,899 --> 00:20:00,409 osteoporosis here on earth and so we're 604 00:20:04,330 --> 00:20:01,909 finding ways whether it's through 605 00:20:06,430 --> 00:20:04,340 through medicines or exercise and 606 00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:06,440 various ways to combat osteoporosis I'm 607 00:20:10,090 --> 00:20:07,610 a my last space shuttle flight we 608 00:20:12,669 --> 00:20:10,100 actually had a test where we had some 609 00:20:14,409 --> 00:20:12,679 mice that we studied that some of them 610 00:20:15,340 --> 00:20:14,419 were given osteoporosis drugs and some 611 00:20:17,019 --> 00:20:15,350 of them weren't we're trying to figure 612 00:20:19,659 --> 00:20:17,029 out what those work to decrease bone 613 00:20:21,129 --> 00:20:19,669 loss there's really exciting science 614 00:20:22,299 --> 00:20:21,139 going on in the osteoporosis area in the 615 00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:22,309 bone loss areas and so we're going to 616 00:20:26,859 --> 00:20:24,230 try to solve those problems before we go 617 00:20:28,149 --> 00:20:26,869 on a long mission to Mars it's not gonna 618 00:20:29,289 --> 00:20:28,159 do you any good to go all the way to 619 00:20:30,609 --> 00:20:29,299 Mars if you end up like a boneless 620 00:20:33,460 --> 00:20:30,619 chicken when you get outside there you 621 00:20:35,320 --> 00:20:33,470 know so we got to figure this out and as 622 00:20:37,090 --> 00:20:35,330 riac say you know these these biological 623 00:20:38,739 --> 00:20:37,100 countermeasures but also just we found 624 00:20:40,779 --> 00:20:38,749 out that you know doing resistive 625 00:20:43,509 --> 00:20:40,789 exercise before and during spaceflight 626 00:20:45,369 --> 00:20:43,519 helps you know combat some of the the 627 00:20:47,229 --> 00:20:45,379 bone loss and the morphology change in 628 00:20:48,729 --> 00:20:47,239 your in your bones in your calcium so 629 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:48,739 you know just those little things that 630 00:20:51,609 --> 00:20:50,330 we're learning so if we if we're going 631 00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:51,619 to go to Mars one day we're going to 632 00:20:55,779 --> 00:20:53,210 have to figure out a way to do that type 633 00:20:58,570 --> 00:20:55,789 of exercise or maybe combination 634 00:21:05,440 --> 00:20:58,580 exercise and medicine to help combat any 635 00:21:07,960 --> 00:21:05,450 of us paretic effects on the body ok 636 00:21:10,539 --> 00:21:07,970 next question is as a student from a 637 00:21:12,700 --> 00:21:10,549 student in mrs. Bryan's class for 638 00:21:15,340 --> 00:21:12,710 wondering how much fuel do you have and 639 00:21:19,989 --> 00:21:15,350 you take off and how much do you have to 640 00:21:22,299 --> 00:21:19,999 take to get back to earth Wow let's say 641 00:21:23,889 --> 00:21:22,309 I don't know the exact figures on my off 642 00:21:25,749 --> 00:21:23,899 my top my head but that is correct is 643 00:21:27,849 --> 00:21:25,759 it's the the major part of the fuel 644 00:21:30,700 --> 00:21:27,859 obviously is when when we launch and we 645 00:21:32,619 --> 00:21:30,710 get to we get to orbit and now getting 646 00:21:34,419 --> 00:21:32,629 home is that all the energy you put to 647 00:21:36,460 --> 00:21:34,429 get into orbit you have to take out so 648 00:21:38,379 --> 00:21:36,470 we do have to have the the thruster 649 00:21:39,909 --> 00:21:38,389 systems that can slow us down now it's 650 00:21:41,799 --> 00:21:39,919 one thing when you're going from low 651 00:21:44,320 --> 00:21:41,809 Earth orbit if you're going you're going 652 00:21:45,549 --> 00:21:44,330 about 17,500 miles an hour but when 653 00:21:46,930 --> 00:21:45,559 you're going from interplanetary where 654 00:21:48,430 --> 00:21:46,940 you're going to an asteroid or going to 655 00:21:51,460 --> 00:21:48,440 Mars it gets even higher and that's 656 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:51,470 where it's not just the amount of energy 657 00:21:54,549 --> 00:21:52,730 to slow you down but you have to have a 658 00:21:55,960 --> 00:21:54,559 braking system that can that can arrow 659 00:21:58,359 --> 00:21:55,970 break you and that's what this that the 660 00:22:00,070 --> 00:21:58,369 heat shield of this Orion spacecraft is 661 00:22:01,060 --> 00:22:00,080 for its can have a tiles on the bottom 662 00:22:03,730 --> 00:22:01,070 and just like the Apollo 663 00:22:05,649 --> 00:22:03,740 spacecraft it'll allow you to to slow 664 00:22:07,659 --> 00:22:05,659 the vehicle down via this this heat 665 00:22:09,519 --> 00:22:07,669 shield and so it's going to be it's a 666 00:22:10,509 --> 00:22:09,529 it's a very big design challenge and 667 00:22:12,009 --> 00:22:10,519 that's one the first things we want to 668 00:22:13,509 --> 00:22:12,019 test out on this flight test next year 669 00:22:15,039 --> 00:22:13,519 so we're going to send it out you know 670 00:22:16,749 --> 00:22:15,049 about 3,000 miles out and come and 671 00:22:19,120 --> 00:22:16,759 screaming about maybe I think 80 or more 672 00:22:21,310 --> 00:22:19,130 percent of the return velocity from a 673 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:21,320 lunar mission we can really test out 674 00:22:23,950 --> 00:22:22,490 that heat shield see how it's working 675 00:22:25,779 --> 00:22:23,960 how fast is that the way back pain I 676 00:22:28,389 --> 00:22:25,789 don't remember our head but it's I 677 00:22:30,580 --> 00:22:28,399 imagine it's close to 20,000 miles an 678 00:22:32,710 --> 00:22:30,590 hour or something like that okay and you 679 00:22:34,330 --> 00:22:32,720 guys got there if you just go google and 680 00:22:37,029 --> 00:22:34,340 look up the rocket equation and look how 681 00:22:39,249 --> 00:22:37,039 the the change in mass and the mass of 682 00:22:40,659 --> 00:22:39,259 the original weight of the vehicle most 683 00:22:42,820 --> 00:22:40,669 of that weight is fuel so if we're going 684 00:22:44,560 --> 00:22:42,830 to go to Mars one day we've got to 685 00:22:47,680 --> 00:22:44,570 figure out how to really reduce the 686 00:22:49,690 --> 00:22:47,690 weight of the vehicle or have more high 687 00:22:51,009 --> 00:22:49,700 energy propellants you know these are 688 00:22:52,749 --> 00:22:51,019 the things that you guys can help us 689 00:22:58,659 --> 00:22:52,759 develop and design as we're trying to go 690 00:23:00,549 --> 00:22:58,669 to distant planets okay I think we have 691 00:23:01,990 --> 00:23:00,559 just two more questions and first one is 692 00:23:04,330 --> 00:23:02,000 what activities are planned for 693 00:23:06,369 --> 00:23:04,340 astronauts on the spacecraft during the 694 00:23:07,269 --> 00:23:06,379 transit to Mars and back to earth and is 695 00:23:08,649 --> 00:23:07,279 it going to be similar to the 696 00:23:11,499 --> 00:23:08,659 experiments performed on the space 697 00:23:12,610 --> 00:23:11,509 station yeah I'd imagine the activities 698 00:23:13,899 --> 00:23:12,620 are going to be similar to form in the 699 00:23:14,889 --> 00:23:13,909 space station but we're gonna have to be 700 00:23:16,149 --> 00:23:14,899 careful though because in the space 701 00:23:17,889 --> 00:23:16,159 station we can bring our results back 702 00:23:19,419 --> 00:23:17,899 when we're going to Mars we can't bring 703 00:23:21,490 --> 00:23:19,429 our results back so things will have to 704 00:23:22,419 --> 00:23:21,500 be much more automated and tell operated 705 00:23:24,519 --> 00:23:22,429 and the results will have to be 706 00:23:26,139 --> 00:23:24,529 electronically transmitted back to back 707 00:23:27,430 --> 00:23:26,149 to earth now you do want to have the 708 00:23:28,480 --> 00:23:27,440 crew they want to be actively involved 709 00:23:30,340 --> 00:23:28,490 the worst thing you can do is when you 710 00:23:31,509 --> 00:23:30,350 send somebody out halfway between Earth 711 00:23:33,430 --> 00:23:31,519 and Mars and he starts getting really 712 00:23:35,289 --> 00:23:33,440 bored it looks like we said that little 713 00:23:36,850 --> 00:23:35,299 tiny star that's his home planet it 714 00:23:38,379 --> 00:23:36,860 doesn't anything to do except start to 715 00:23:39,820 --> 00:23:38,389 worry and so we want to have them 716 00:23:41,919 --> 00:23:39,830 productively employed and gainfully 717 00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:41,929 working to a point that they're they 718 00:23:44,740 --> 00:23:43,730 feel like they're there they're well 719 00:23:45,700 --> 00:23:44,750 involved but not to the point that 720 00:23:47,799 --> 00:23:45,710 they're overworked so that they're 721 00:23:49,269 --> 00:23:47,809 getting fatigued and exhausted but we 722 00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:49,279 will have similar experiments like that 723 00:23:53,470 --> 00:23:51,710 to figure out you know just what it's 724 00:23:55,749 --> 00:23:53,480 like and how their buys adapting on this 725 00:23:57,340 --> 00:23:55,759 very very long journey and you know 726 00:24:00,369 --> 00:23:57,350 similar things like being able to watch 727 00:24:02,529 --> 00:24:00,379 movies and exercise and you know playing 728 00:24:04,090 --> 00:24:02,539 a game of space cards you know having 729 00:24:06,039 --> 00:24:04,100 people being able to do the same kind of 730 00:24:07,810 --> 00:24:06,049 things that they do on on the planet but 731 00:24:09,399 --> 00:24:07,820 also we do those similar things on the 732 00:24:11,230 --> 00:24:09,409 space station itself and then also you 733 00:24:13,119 --> 00:24:11,240 know sitting around the table having a 734 00:24:14,890 --> 00:24:13,129 great meal and telling stories that's a 735 00:24:16,810 --> 00:24:14,900 lot of the things that we we 736 00:24:18,460 --> 00:24:16,820 learn how to do when we were in our and 737 00:24:20,290 --> 00:24:18,470 our training with nolles our other 738 00:24:22,060 --> 00:24:20,300 leadership training school but that that 739 00:24:23,230 --> 00:24:22,070 all this stuff kind of plays back into 740 00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:23,240 when you get in space and when you're 741 00:24:28,770 --> 00:24:25,970 working together just those common 742 00:24:30,910 --> 00:24:28,780 things that everyone does on the ground 743 00:24:32,890 --> 00:24:30,920 okay and our last question it's a good 744 00:24:34,750 --> 00:24:32,900 one any advice for today's high school 745 00:24:38,740 --> 00:24:34,760 kids who are interested in pursuing a 746 00:24:41,470 --> 00:24:38,750 career with NASA I guess the advice for 747 00:24:43,690 --> 00:24:41,480 me is just to stay curious when I was a 748 00:24:45,130 --> 00:24:43,700 kid I loved building things creating 749 00:24:46,990 --> 00:24:45,140 things even had little chemistry set and 750 00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:47,000 created an explosion in my mother's 751 00:24:50,380 --> 00:24:48,710 living room which got me in trouble but 752 00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:50,390 I became a chemistry major because of 753 00:24:54,940 --> 00:24:52,610 that so believe in yourself don't let 754 00:24:57,190 --> 00:24:54,950 anyone bully you I mean we want you to 755 00:24:59,140 --> 00:24:57,200 be the kind of students that are 756 00:25:00,940 --> 00:24:59,150 confident they can come up with ideas 757 00:25:02,110 --> 00:25:00,950 and build something like a radiation 758 00:25:04,690 --> 00:25:02,120 show for this exploration design 759 00:25:06,610 --> 00:25:04,700 challenge and be leaders in your classes 760 00:25:08,770 --> 00:25:06,620 be dumped you know don't necessarily be 761 00:25:09,610 --> 00:25:08,780 a follower be a leader and sometimes you 762 00:25:11,140 --> 00:25:09,620 don't have to be a follower right 763 00:25:13,180 --> 00:25:11,150 because someone's in charge and you have 764 00:25:15,850 --> 00:25:13,190 to follow but but from the standpoint of 765 00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:15,860 your ideas in your leadership helped 766 00:25:19,150 --> 00:25:17,600 bring that to the forefront and we want 767 00:25:21,010 --> 00:25:19,160 people that just are passionate about 768 00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:21,020 science technology engineering and 769 00:25:24,910 --> 00:25:23,570 mathematics yeah that sounds great you 770 00:25:26,860 --> 00:25:24,920 really have to find what you love 771 00:25:28,660 --> 00:25:26,870 because in order to work in a business 772 00:25:29,980 --> 00:25:28,670 like this you need to excel and the way 773 00:25:31,030 --> 00:25:29,990 the best way to excel is find something 774 00:25:33,580 --> 00:25:31,040 you love and then you book don't mind 775 00:25:35,110 --> 00:25:33,590 working hard at it and yeah if the space 776 00:25:36,700 --> 00:25:35,120 business is your blood there's just 777 00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:36,710 nothing like working at the Johnson 778 00:25:40,120 --> 00:25:38,570 Space Center or one of the NASA centers 779 00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:40,130 I mean it's just so fun to work here 780 00:25:43,150 --> 00:25:41,450 it's like not coming to work because 781 00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:43,160 it's so much fun so you don't have to 782 00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:44,210 work in their day in your life because 783 00:25:47,980 --> 00:25:45,770 you're having fun the whole time so find 784 00:25:50,020 --> 00:25:47,990 your passion and if it's involved if it 785 00:25:51,910 --> 00:25:50,030 involves spaceflight just you know keep 786 00:25:53,470 --> 00:25:51,920 working as hard you can and and you'll 787 00:25:55,120 --> 00:25:53,480 be able to do some incredible things and 788 00:25:56,890 --> 00:25:55,130 have a have a have a career that is 789 00:26:00,760 --> 00:25:56,900 really really enjoyable and get to work 790 00:26:02,950 --> 00:26:00,770 with really cool people like Rex all 791 00:26:04,750 --> 00:26:02,960 right Willie window open and Rex Walheim 792 00:26:06,430 --> 00:26:04,760 thanks so much for joining us and doing 793 00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:06,440 this answering our questions today and I 794 00:26:09,730 --> 00:26:08,450 think you look great inside that module 795 00:26:14,290 --> 00:26:09,740 maybe we'll see you in the real one